Finance formulas

Raise one plus the period rate to the number of compounds, then subtract one.

Divide cash flow from operations by total debt.

Add cash and equivalents, then divide by current liabilities.

Compound the principal at the annual rate, divided across compounding periods.

Raise the end/start ratio to 1/years, then subtract one.

Rearrange FV = P(1 + r/m)^(mt) for r.

Divide current assets by current liabilities.

Enter Deposit each period ($), Annual rate (%), Years, and Periods per year for the DCA Investment Calculator; enter percentage fields as percentage points and retain the units printed in each label. The calculator reports Future value, Contributed, and Growth: Dollar-cost averaging with equal deposits each period. Future value assumes equal end-of-period deposits and a constant return.

Enter Balance ($), APR (%), and Monthly payment ($) for the Debt Payoff Calculator; enter percentage fields as percentage points and retain the units printed in each label. The calculator reports Months and Total interest: Amortizing payoff time for one debt balance. Monthly payment must exceed accrued monthly interest or the balance will not amortize.

Annual income is shares times dividend per share. Yield compares DPS to price.

Divide next expected dividend by the difference between required return and growth.

Divide total dividends by net income and scale to percent.

Subtract preferred dividends from net income, then divide by shares outstanding.

Add depreciation and amortization to operating income.

Same transform as APY from nominal rate and m compounds.

Compound the period rate over one year.

Divide fund expenses by fund assets, then convert to percent.

Annual cost is investment times expense ratio; multi-year cost multiplies by years (simple estimate).

Use the ratio of compounded spot factors between t₁ and t₂.

Multiply present value by (1 + rate) raised to the number of periods.

Future amount grows with inflation; purchasing power is the inverse factor.

Compound the principal, then add the future value of an annuity of deposits.

Enter Loan 1 principal, Loan 1 rate %, Loan 1 years, Loan 2 principal, Loan 2 rate %, and Loan 2 years for the Loan Comparison Calculator; enter percentage fields as percentage points and retain the units printed in each label. The calculator reports Payment 1, Payment 2, Total 1, Total 2, and Total difference: Side-by-side amortizing payment totals. The comparison excludes lender fees, insurance, and rate changes unless reflected in the inputs.

Divide net profit by revenue and scale to percent.

Enter Closing costs ($), Old payment ($), and New payment ($) for the Refinance Break-Even Calculator; retain the units printed in each label. The calculator reports Months to break even: Break-even months = closing costs ÷ monthly savings. Old payment must exceed New payment for a finite positive break-even time.

Divide attributed revenue by ad spend.

Subtract cost from final value, divide by cost, then scale to percent.

Enter Annual rate (%) for the Rule of 72 Calculator; enter percentage fields as percentage points. The calculator reports Years to double: Rule of 72 estimates doubling time as 72 ÷ rate%. The shortcut is most accurate for moderate positive rates with annual compounding.

Divide annual pay by 12, 26, or 52; hourly uses hours × 52.

Divide annual salary by hours per week times 52.

Tax equals price times rate; total adds tax to price.

Enter Goal ($), Already saved ($), Annual rate (%), and Years for the Savings Goal Calculator; enter percentage fields as percentage points and retain the units printed in each label. The calculator reports Monthly deposit: Solve payment for a future-value goal with compounding. The required deposit changes if returns, timing, taxes, or fees differ from the assumptions.